Ly hôn thường gắn liền với việc thỏa thuận chia tài sản chung và con chung. Khi mà quan hệ hôn nhân không còn, không có sự thống nhất trong thỏa thuận thì phân chia tài sản là một trong những vấn đề vô cùng phức tạp trong thực tế cũng như khi xét xử tại Toà án. Để giúp người đọc dễ hình dung hơn về vấn đề này, bài viết dưới đây sẽ đưa ra khái quát về quy định pháp luật liên quan đến chia tài sản chung khi ly hôn.
Khái niệm tài sản chung
Tài sản chung của vợ chồng gồm tài sản phát sinh trong thời kỳ hôn nhân, tài sản mà vợ chồng được thừa kế, được tặng cho chung hoặc do vợ chồng thỏa thuận; Quyền sử dụng đất mà vợ, chồng có được sau khi kết hôn là tài sản chung của vợ chồng; Khoản tiền thưởng, tiền trúng xổ số, tiền trợ cấp trừ trường hợp quy định tại khoản 3 điều 11 Nghị định 126/2014/NĐ-CP (Khoản trợ cấp, ưu đãi mà vợ, chồng được nhận theo quy định của pháp luật về ưu đãi người có công với cách mạng; quyền tài sản khác gắn liền với nhân thân của vợ, chồng); tài sản mà vợ chồng có được xác lập quyền sở hữu theo quy định BLDS đối với vật vô chủ, vật bị chôn giấu, bị đắm chìm, bị đánh rơi, bị bỏ quên, gia súc, gia cầm bị thất lạc, vật nuôi dưới nước.
Nếu không có căn cứ để chứng minh tài sản mà vợ, chồng đang có tranh chấp là tài sản riêng của mỗi bên thì đó được coi là tài sản chung.
Quy định chung của pháp luật về chia tài sản chung khi ly hôn
Trong trường hợp chế độ tài sản của vợ chồng theo thỏa thuận thì việc giải quyết tài sản khi ly hôn được áp dụng theo thỏa thuận đó, nếu không có thoả thuận, về nguyên tắc, tài sản chung của vợ chồng được chia đôi, nhưng có xem xét thêm một số yếu tố về hoàn cảnh gia đình, công sức đóng góp vào khối tài sản chung, bảo vệ lợi ích chính đáng trong sản xuất, kinh doanh, nghề nghiệp và lỗi.
Tài sản chung của vợ chồng được chia bằng hiện vật, nếu không chia được bằng hiện vật thì chia theo giá trị; bên nào nhận phần tài sản bằng hiện vật có giá trị lớn hơn phần mình được hưởng thì phải thanh toán cho bên kia phần chênh lệch. Ta có thể thấy việc phân chia này được thể hiện cụ thể trong Bản án số 56/2017/HNGĐ-ST ngày 03/10/2017 về việc tranh chấp ly hôn chia tài sản giữa Anh Nguyễn Bá Tr và Chị Phan Thị Hồng V được xét xử bởi Toà án Nhân dân thành phố Kon Tum. Tại phiên xét xử, Toà án sau ra quyết định phân chia tài sản chung của hai anh chị, Toà đã yêu cầu Anh Nguyễn Bá Tr có nghĩa vụ hoàn trả khoản tiền chênh lệch từ giá trị chia tài sản chung cho chị Phan Thị Hồng V
Trên cơ sở định giá những hiện vật mà Toà quyết định giao cho Anh Tr sở hữu.
Một số khó khăn trong vấn đề chia tài sản chung khi ly hôn
Thứ nhất, khó khăn trong xác định công sức đóng góp của vợ, chồng vào việc tạo lập và duy trì khối tài sản chung hay yếu tố lỗi của vợ chồng.
Đối với quy định này sẽ gây không ít khó khăn trong việc phân chia tài sản chung giữa các bên. Giả sử đối với trường hợp, người chồng có lỗi dẫn đến việc ly hôn do ngoại tình nhưng người chồng lại là người đóng góp công sức chính trong việc duy trì và tạo ra tài sản chung trong khi vợ chỉ ở nhà nội trợ. Vậy đối với những trường hợp này khi quy định pháp luật không đưa ra mức căn cứ xác định cụ thể thì sẽ giải quyết thế nào?
Thứ hai, khó khăn trong việc chứng minh tài sản riêng trong thời kì hôn nhân
Ta có thể minh hoạ cho vấn đề này trong bản án số 31/2017/HNGĐ-PT ngày 30/8/2017 giữa Ông Nguyễn Trọng T1 và Bà Đào Thị K được xét xử bởi Hội đồng xét xử phúc thẩm Toà án Nhân dân tỉnh Đồng Nai. Ông T1 kháng cáo với lý do không đồng ý với phán quyết của Toà án Sơ thẩm khi xác định thửa đất số 133a, tờ bản đồ số 15 là tài sản chung và chia cho bà K sở hữu căn nhà xây dựng trên đây cùng quyền sử dụng diện tích đất này khi xét đến Bà K sau khi ly hôn không có chỗ ở nào khác. Ông T1 cho rằng phường Đ, thành phố B, tỉnh Đồng Nai là đất do Nhà máy Quốc phòng A29 quyết định phân phối theo Quyết định số 1121/QĐ-ND, ngày 20/12/1995 cấp cho ông T1, không phải là tài sản chung của vợ chồng. Người bảo vệ quyền và lợi ích liên quan cho ông T1 trình bày đây là đất quốc phòng cấp cho người đã từng cống hiến làm nhiệm vụ quốc phòng, hơn nữa, ông T1 là người đã nghỉ hưu có khó khăn trong việc tạo dựng một chỗ ở mới. Trong khi đó, Bà K còn trẻ, không phải là quân nhân hay công nhân viên quốc phòng nên không thể ở trong khu gia đình quân nhân được.
Tuy nhiên Người có quyền và Nghĩa vụ liên quan đã xác nhận quyết định phân phối đất xây dựng nhà ở nói trên chỉ được cấp cho những cán bộ đã xây dựng gia đình. Hơn nữa sau khi được cấp đất này, Bà K và ông T1 đã xây dựng nhà ở của hộ gia đình trên đó. Do đó Hội đồng xét xử phúc thẩm trong trường hợp này vẫn giữ nguyên quyết định giao nhà và quyền sử dụng thửa đất cho bà K của Hội đồng xét xử Sơ thẩm.
Ta có thể thấy mặc dù trong quyết định cấp đất xác định đối tượng được cấp quyền sử dụng đất là ông T1 tuy nhiên việc cấp đất ở đây lại xảy ra trong thời kỳ hôn nhân nên mặc dù ông T1 đưa ra những căn cứ xác định có cơ sở, Toà án vẫn xác định đây là tài sản chung của hai vợ chồng.
Hay đối với trường hợp sau khi kết hôn, người chồng được bố mẹ cho thừa kế quyền sử dụng một miếng đất khoảng 400m2 và xây cho một căn nhà trên miếng đất đó để vợ chồng sinh sống (miếng đất đó chỉ một mình anh trai tôi đứng tên) thì khi ly hôn đây có được xác định là tài sản riêng không?
Trên đây là bài viết tư vấn về “Quy định pháp luật về chia tài sản chung khi ly hôn” của Công ty Luật TNHH Apra. Quý khách còn thắc mắc về các vấn đề nêu trên và cần được giải đáp, vui lòng liên hệ số hotline được tư vấn và hỗ trợ.
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