Bước sang năm 2022, nền kinh tế Việt Nam và thế giới dần phục hồi sau hai năm đại dịch Covid–19, với quyết định mở cửa toàn bộ đường bay từ ngày 15/3 vừa qua và chính sách miễn thị thực nhập cảnh của Chính phủ đã góp phần thúc đẩy quá trình đàm phán của các thương vụ mua bán – sáp nhập (M&A) và tăng cường hoạt động đầu tư, đặc biệt là đầu tư bất động sản.
Theo chuyên gia, Việt Nam sở hữu nhiều yếu tố vĩ mô giúp tạo môi trường hấp dẫn cho các cá nhân và tổ chức nước ngoài tham gia hoạt động đầu tư. Bên cạnh đó, các phương án hỗ trợ doanh nghiệp và kiểm soát dịch bệnh của Chính phủ đã ổn định tình hình kinh tế và đảm bảo an ninh xã hội. Đây được cho là hai yếu tố tạo dựng niềm tin của các doanh nghiệp FDI để rót vốn đầu tư vào Việt Nam. Xét về các yếu tố vĩ mô, nền kinh tế Việt Nam đang tăng trưởng một cách ổn định và bền vững. Việt Nam được dự đoán sẽ dẫn đầu về tốc độ tăng trưởng kinh tế trong năm 2022 và kéo dài sang năm 2023 so với các quốc gia trong khu vực. Tiếp đó, cơ sở hạ tầng và mạng lưới giao thông tại Việt Nam đang phát triển mạnh mẽ, giúp lưu thông hàng hóa, cũng như việc di chuyển giữa các địa phương trở nên dễ dàng hơn. Đặc điểm dân cư cũng là một khía cạnh đưa Việt Nam trở thành điểm đến hấp dẫn của nguồn vốn ngoại quốc. Cụ thể, quốc gia sở hữu lực lượng lao động trẻ và dồi dào cùng chi phí nhân công cạnh tranh so với các nước trong khu vực. Hơn thế nữa, tốc độ đô thị hóa cao cũng tạo điều kiện thuận lợi cho sự phát triển kinh tế – xã hội, mở ra tiềm năng phát triển nhiều dự án mới.
Bên cạnh những cơ hội và tiềm năng mà Việt Nam mang tới, chuyên gia cũng cho rằng, hoạt động M&A tại nước ta vẫn tồn tại nhiều mặt hạn chế nhất định. Điều này khiến doanh nghiệp FDI trở nên dè dặt hơn, phần nào kìm hãm sự phát triển của thị trường M&A.
Rào cản đầu tiên chính là hệ thống luật pháp tại Việt Nam vẫn còn tương đối phức tạp, nhiều điều khoản trong các bộ luật, tiêu biểu như: Luật Nhà ở, Luật Đất đai và Luật Kinh doanh Bất động sản, vẫn tồn tại điểm chưa thống nhất và chính điều này gây ra những ách tắc, lãng phí hiện chưa tìm được hướng giải quyết.
Trong khi đó, xét về cấu trúc giao dịch, chuyên gia đánh giá, đa số các doanh nghiệp đầu tư nước ngoài đều mong muốn triển khai cấu trúc liên doanh (joint venture). Theo mô hình này, họ nắm chủ yếu quyền đưa ra quyết định và nhà đầu tư Việt Nam hỗ trợ về mặt pháp lý của dự án. Tuy nhiên, do sự khác biệt trong tập quán kinh doanh cũng như hệ thống luật pháp, việc đàm phán giữa hai bên trở nên mất thời gian, và đôi khi dẫn đến những mâu thuẫn ở giai đoạn hậu M&A.
Do thị trường M&A là khái niệm khá mới mẻ tại Việt Nam, nhiều doanh nghiệp, đặc biệt các doanh nghiệp vừa và nhỏ, chưa có sự chuẩn bị kĩ càng cho quá trình này. Đối với những doanh nghiệp sở hữu dự án lớn, họ vẫn chưa lên kế hoạch cụ thể cho sự phân kỳ hợp lý ngay từ giai đoạn quy hoạch dự án, dẫn đến nhiều khó khăn trong việc huy động nguồn vốn đầu tư hoặc chuyển nhượng.
Rào cản cuối cùng chính là người mua và người bán đang có cách tiếp cận định giá khác nhau, tạo ra những khác biệt về mức giá kỳ vọng của dự án. Điều này dẫn đến khó khăn trong việc đàm phán để tìm được mức giá phù hợp giữa hai bên.
Thị trường M&A tại Việt Nam sở hữu nhiều ưu thế so với các quốc gia trong khu vực, song vẫn tiềm tàng nhiều thách thức cho nhà đầu tư ngoại quốc. Các giao dịch M&A là một loại hàng hóa phức tạp. Do đó, các bên tham gia cần tìm hiểu kỹ càng cũng như lập kế hoạch chi tiết để hướng tới giá trị dài hạn trong tương lai.
Mặc dù thị trường Việt Nam sở hữu nhiều trợ lực để thu hút nguồn vốn đầu tư nước ngoài, những hạn chế tồn đọng trong hệ thống pháp lý cũng như cách thức doanh nghiệp tiếp cận M&A sẽ kiềm chế khả năng chuyển đổi của các giao dịch. Pháp luật Việt Nam quá phức tạp. Khi tiến hành một hoạt động M&A thường thì phải thông qua 7 luật khác nhau: Luật doanh nghiệp, Luật đầu tư, Luật cạnh tranh, Luật chứng khoán, Luật môi trường, Luật mua bán tài sản, Luật nhà đất. Ngay cả khi 2 bên đều là doanh nghiệp trong nước, các thủ tục pháp lý cũng không dễ dàng. Mọi chậm trễ về thời gian đều tốn kém phải được dự liệu nếu người mua hay bán không muốn mất động lực và đổi ý.
Trên đây là bài viết tư vấn về “Các rào cản trong giao dịch M&A tại Việt Nam năm 2022” của Công ty Luật TNHH Apra. Quý khách hàng còn thắc mắc về các vấn đề nêu trên và cần được giải đáp, vui lòng liên hệ số hotline để được tư vấn và hỗ trợ.
________________________________
Mọi thông tin yêu cầu tư vấn xin vui lòng liên hệ :
CÔNG TY LUẬT TNHH APRA
Địa chỉ: Tầng 7, số 57 Trần Quốc Toản, phường Trần Hưng Đạo, quận Hoàn Kiếm, Thành phố Hà Nội, Việt Nam.
Email: info@apra.vn
Hotline : 024.23486234 – 0948495885
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